PRESIDENT OBAMA: Thank you. (Applause.) Myanmar Naingan, Mingalaba!
(Laughter and applause.) I am very honored to be here at this university
and to be the first President of the United States of America to visit
your country.
I came here because of the importance of your
country. You live at the crossroads of East and South Asia. You border
the most populated nations on the planet. You have a history that
reaches back thousands of years, and the ability to help determine the
destiny of the fastest growing region of the world.
I came here
because of the beauty and diversity of your country. I have seen just
earlier today the golden stupa of Shwedagon, and have been moved by the
timeless idea of metta -- the belief that our time on this Earth can be
defined by tolerance and by love. And I know this land reaches from the
crowded neighborhoods of this old city to the homes of more than 60,000
villages; from the peaks of the Himalayas, the forests of Karen State,
to the banks of the Irrawady River.
I came here because of my
respect for this university. It was here at this school where opposition
to colonial rule first took hold. It was here that Aung San edited a
magazine before leading an independence movement. It was here that U
Thant learned the ways of the world before guiding it at the United
Nations. Here, scholarship thrived during the last century and students
demanded their basic human rights. Now, your Parliament has at last
passed a resolution to revitalize this university and it must reclaim
its greatness, because the future of this country will be determined by
the education of its youth.
I came here because of the history
between our two countries. A century ago, American traders, merchants
and missionaries came here to build bonds of faith and commerce and
friendship. And from within these borders in World War II, our pilots
flew into China and many of our troops gave their lives. Both of our
nations emerged from the British Empire, and the United States was among
the first countries to recognize an independent Union of Burma. We were
proud to found an American Center in Rangoon and to build exchanges
with schools like this one. And through decades of differences,
Americans have been united in their affection for this country and its
people.
Above all, I came here because of America’s belief in
human dignity. Over the last several decades, our two countries became
strangers. But today, I can tell you that we always remained hopeful
about the people of this country, about you. You gave us hope and we
bore witness to your courage.
We saw the activists dressed in
white visit the families of political prisoners on Sundays and monks
dressed in saffron protesting peacefully in the streets. We learned of
ordinary people who organized relief teams to respond to a cyclone, and
heard the voices of students and the beats of hip-hop artists projecting
the sound of freedom. We came to know exiles and refugees who never
lost touch with their families or their ancestral home. And we were
inspired by the fierce dignity of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, as she proved
that no human being can truly be imprisoned if hope burns in your heart.
When I took office as President, I sent a message to those governments
who ruled by fear. I said, in my inauguration address, “We will extend a
hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.” And over the last year
and a half, a dramatic transition has begun, as a dictatorship of five
decades has loosened its grip. Under President Thein Sein, the desire
for change has been met by an agenda for reform. A civilian now leads
the government, and a parliament is asserting itself. The once-outlawed
National League for Democracy stood in an election, and Aung San Suu Kyi
is a Member of Parliament. Hundreds of prisoners of conscience have
been released, and forced labor has been banned. Preliminary cease-fires
have been reached with ethnic armies, and new laws allow for a more
open economy.
So today, I’ve come to keep my promise and extend
the hand of friendship. America now has an Ambassador in Rangoon,
sanctions have been eased, and we will help rebuild an economy that can
offer opportunity for its people, and serve as an engine of growth for
the world. But this remarkable journey has just begun, and has much
further to go. Reforms launched from the top of society must meet the
aspirations of citizens who form its foundation. The flickers of
progress that we have seen must not be extinguished -- they must be
strengthened; they must become a shining North Star for all this
nation’s people.
And your success in that effort is important
to the United States, as well as to me. Even though we come from
different places, we share common dreams: to choose our leaders; to live
together in peace; to get an education and make a good living; to love
our families and our communities. That’s why freedom is not an abstract
idea; freedom is the very thing that makes human progress possible --
not just at the ballot box, but in our daily lives.
One of our
greatest Presidents in the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt,
understood this truth. He defined America’s cause as more than the right
to cast a ballot. He understood democracy was not just voting. He
called upon the world to embrace four fundamental freedoms: freedom of
speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
These four freedoms reinforce one another, and you cannot fully realize
one without realizing them all.
So that's the future that we seek for ourselves, and for all people. And that is what I want to speak to you about today.
First, we believe in the right of free expression so that the voices of
ordinary people can be heard, and governments reflect their will -- the
people's will.
In the United States, for more than two
centuries, we have worked to keep this promise for all of our citizens
-- to win freedom for those who were enslaved; to extend the right to
vote for women and African Americans; to protect the rights of workers
to organize.
And we recognize no two nations achieve these
rights in exactly the same way, but there is no question that your
country will be stronger if it draws on the strength of all of its
people. That’s what allows nations to succeed. That’s what reform has
begun to do.
Instead of being repressed, the right of people to
assemble together must now be fully respected. Instead of being
stifled, the veil of media censorship must continue to be lifted. And as
you take these steps, you can draw on your progress. Instead of being
ignored, citizens who protested the construction of the Myitsone dam
were heard. Instead of being outlawed, political parties have been
allowed to participate. You can see progress being made. As one voter
said during the parliamentary elections here, “Our parents and
grandparents waited for this, but never saw it.” And now you can see it.
You can taste freedom.
And to protect the freedom of all the
voters, those in power must accept constraints. That's what our American
system is designed to do. Now, America may have the strongest military
in the world, but it must submit to civilian control. I, as the
President of the United States, make determinations that the military
then carries out, not the other way around. As President and
Commander-In-Chief, I have that responsibility because I'm accountable
to the people.
Now, on other hand, as President, I cannot just
impose my will on Congress -- the Congress of the United States -- even
though sometimes I wish I could. The legislative branch has its own
powers and its own prerogatives, and so they check my power and balance
my power. I appoint some of our judges, but I cannot tell them how to
rule, because every person in America -- from a child living in poverty
to me, the President of the United States -- is equal under the law. And
a judge can make a determination as to whether or not I am upholding
the law or breaking the law. And I am fully accountable to that law.
And I describe our system in the United States because that's how you
must reach for the future that you deserve -- a future where a single
prisoner of conscience is one too many. You need to reach for a future
where the law is stronger than any single leader, because it's
accountable to the people. You need to reach for a future where no child
is made to be a soldier and no woman is exploited, and where the laws
protect them even if they're vulnerable, even if they're weak; a future
where national security is strengthened by a military that serves under
civilians and a Constitution that guarantees that only those who are
elected by the people may govern.
On that journey, America will
support you every step of the way -- by using our assistance to empower
civil society; by engaging your military to promote professionalism and
human rights; and by partnering with you as you connect your progress
towards democracy with economic development. So advancing that journey
will help you pursue a second freedom -- the belief that all people
should be free from want.
It's not enough to trade a prison of
powerlessness for the pain of an empty stomach. But history shows that
governments of the people and by the people and for the people are far
more powerful in delivering prosperity. And that's the partnership we
seek with you.
When ordinary people have a say in their own
future, then your land can’t just be taken away from you. And that's why
reforms must ensure that the people of this nation can have that most
fundamental of possessions -- the right to own the title to the land on
which you live and on which you work.
When your talents are
unleashed, then opportunity will be created for all people. America is
lifting our ban on companies doing business here, and your government
has lifted restrictions on investment and taken steps to open up your
economy. And now, as more wealth flows into your borders, we hope and
expect that it will lift up more people. It can't just help folks at the
top. It has to help everybody. And that kind of economic growth, where
everybody has opportunity -- if you work hard, you can succeed -- that's
what gets a nation moving rapidly when it comes to develop.
But that kind of growth can only be created if corruption is left
behind. For investment to lead to opportunity, reform must promote
budgets that are transparent and industry that is privately owned.
To lead by example, America now insists that our companies meet high
standards of openness and transparency if they're doing business here.
And we'll work with organizations like the World Bank to support small
businesses and to promote an economy that allows entrepreneurs, small
businesspeople to thrive and allows workers to keep what they earn. And I
very much welcome your government’s recent decision to join what we've
called our Open Government Partnership, so that citizens can come to
expect accountability and learn exactly how monies are spent and how
your system of government operates.
Above all, when your voices
are heard in government, it's far more likely that your basic needs
will be met. And that’s why reform must reach the daily lives of those
who are hungry and those who are ill, and those who live without
electricity or water. And here, too, America will do our part in working
with you.
Today, I was proud to reestablish our USAID mission in
this country, which is our lead development agency. And the United
States wants to be a partner in helping this country, which used to be
the rice bowl of Asia, to reestablish its capacity to feed its people
and to care for its sick, and educate its children, and build its
democratic institutions as you continue down the path of reform.
This country is famous for its natural resources, and they must be
protected against exploitation. And let us remember that in a global
economy, a country’s greatest resource is its people. So by investing in
you, this nation can open the door for far more prosperity -- because
unlocking a nation’s potential depends on empowering all its people,
especially its young people.
Just as education is the key to
America’s future, it is going to the be the key to your future as well.
And so we look forward to working with you, as we have with many of your
neighbors, to extend that opportunity and to deepen exchanges among our
students. We want students from this country to travel to the United
States and learn from us, and we want U.S. students to come here and
learn from you.
And this truth leads me to the third freedom
that I want to discuss: the freedom to worship -- the freedom to worship
as you please, and your right to basic human dignity.
This country,
like my own country, is blessed with diversity. Not everybody looks the
same. Not everybody comes from the same region. Not everybody worships
in the same way. In your cities and towns, there are pagodas and
temples, and mosques and churches standing side by side. Well over a
hundred ethnic groups have been a part of your story. Yet within these
borders, we’ve seen some of the world’s longest running insurgencies,
which have cost countless lives, and torn families and communities
apart, and stood in the way of development.
No process of
reform will succeed without national reconciliation. (Applause.) You now
have a moment of remarkable opportunity to transform cease-fires into
lasting settlements, and to pursue peace where conflicts still linger,
including in Kachin State. Those efforts must lead to a more just and
lasting peace, including humanitarian access to those in need, and a
chance for the displaced to return home.
Today, we look at the
recent violence in Rakhine State that has caused so much suffering, and
we see the danger of continued tensions there. For too long, the people
of this state, including ethnic Rakhine, have faced crushing poverty and
persecution. But there is no excuse for violence against innocent
people. And the Rohingya hold themselves -- hold within themselves the
same dignity as you do, and I do.
National reconciliation will
take time, but for the sake of our common humanity, and for the sake of
this country’s future, it is necessary to stop incitement and to stop
violence. And I welcome the government’s commitment to address the
issues of injustice and accountability, and humanitarian access and
citizenship. That’s a vision that the world will support as you move
forward.
Every nation struggles to define citizenship. America has
had great debates about these issues, and those debates continue to this
day, because we’re a nation of immigrants -- people coming from every
different part of the world. But what we’ve learned in the United States
is that there are certain principles that are universal, apply to
everybody no matter what you look like, no matter where you come from,
no matter what religion you practice. The right of people to live
without the threat that their families may be harmed or their homes may
be burned simply because of who they are or where they come from.
Only the people of this country ultimately can define your union, can
define what it means to be a citizen of this country. But I have
confidence that as you do that you can draw on this diversity as a
strength and not a weakness. Your country will be stronger because of
many different cultures, but you have to seize that opportunity. You
have to recognize that strength.
I say this because my own
country and my own life have taught me the power of diversity. The
United States of America is a nation of Christians and Jews, and Muslims
and Buddhists, and Hindus and non-believers. Our story is shaped by
every language; it’s enriched by every culture. We have people from
every corners of the world. We’ve tasted the bitterness of civil war and
segregation, but our history shows us that hatred in the human heart
can recede; that the lines between races and tribes fade away. And
what’s left is a simple truth: e pluribus unum -- that’s what we say in
America. Out of many, we are one nation and we are one people. And that
truth has, time and again, made our union stronger. It has made our
country stronger. It’s part of what has made America great.
We
amended our Constitution to extend the democratic principles that we
hold dear. And I stand before you today as President of the most
powerful nation on Earth, but recognizing that once the color of my skin
would have denied me the right to vote. And so that should give you
some sense that if our country can transcend its differences, then yours
can, too. Every human being within these borders is a part of your
nation’s story, and you should embrace that. That’s not a source of
weakness, that’s a source of strength -- if you recognize it.
And that brings me to the final freedom that I will discuss today, and that is the right of all people to live free from fear.
In many ways, fear is the force that stands between human beings and
their dreams. Fear of conflict and the weapons of war. Fear of a future
that is different from the past. Fear of changes that are reordering our
societies and economy. Fear of people who look different, or come from a
different place, or worship in a different way. In some of her darkest
moments, when Aung San Suu Kyi was imprisoned, she wrote an essay about
freedom from fear. She said fear of losing corrupts those who wield it
-- “Fear of losing power corrupts those who wield it, and fear of the
scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it.”
That's
the fear that you can leave behind. We see that chance in leaders who
are beginning to understand that power comes from appealing to people’s
hopes, not people's fears. We see it in citizens who insist that this
time must be different, that this time change will come and will
continue. As Aung San Suu Kyi wrote: “Fear is not the natural state of
civilized man.” I believe that. And today, you are showing the world
that fear does not have to be the natural state of life in this country.
That’s why I am here. That’s why I came to Rangoon. And that’s why what
happens here is so important -- not only to this region, but to the
world. Because you're taking a journey that has the potential to inspire
so many people. This is a test of whether a country can transition to a
better place.
The United States of America is a Pacific
nation, and we see our future as bound to those nations and peoples to
our West. And as our economy recovers, this is where we believe we will
find enormous growth. As we have ended the wars that have dominated our
foreign policy for a decade, this region will be a focus for our efforts
to build a prosperous peace.
Here in Southeast Asia, we see
the potential for integration among nations and people. And as
President, I have embraced ASEAN for reasons that go beyond the fact
that I spent some of my childhood in this region, in Indonesia. Because
with ASEAN, we see nations that are on the move -- nations that are
growing, and democracies that are emerging; governments that are
cooperating; progress that’s building on the diversity that spans oceans
and islands and jungles and cities, peoples of every race and every
religion. This is what the 21st century should look like if we have the
courage to put aside our differences and move forward with a sense of
mutual interest and mutual respect.
And here in Rangoon, I want
to send a message across Asia: We don’t need to be defined by the
prisons of the past. We need to look forward to the future. To the
leadership of North Korea, I have offered a choice: let go of your
nuclear weapons and choose the path of peace and progress. If you do,
you will find an extended hand from the United States of America.
In 2012, we don’t need to cling to the divisions of East, West and
North and South. We welcome the peaceful rise of China, your neighbor to
the North; and India, your neighbor to the West. The United Nations --
the United States will work with any nation, large or small, that will
contribute to a world that is more peaceful and more prosperous, and
more just and more free. And the United States will be a friend to any
nation that respects the rights of its citizens and the responsibilities
of international law.
That's the nation, that's the world that
you can start to build here in this historic city. This nation that's
been so isolated can show the world the power of a new beginning, and
demonstrate once again that the journey to democracy goes hand in hand
with development. I say this knowing that there are still countless
people in this country who do not enjoy the opportunities that many of
you seated here do. There are tens of millions who have no electricity.
There are prisoners of conscience who still await release. There are
refugees and displaced peoples in camps where hope is still something
that lies on the distant horizon.
Today, I say to you -- and I say
to everybody that can hear my voice -- that the United States of America
is with you, including those who have been forgotten, those who are
dispossessed, those who are ostracized, those who are poor. We carry
your story in our heads and your hopes in our hearts, because in this
21st century with the spread of technology and the breaking down of
barriers, the frontlines of freedom are within nations and individuals,
not simply between them.
As one former prisoner put it in
speaking to his fellow citizens, “Politics is your job. It’s not only
for [the] politicians.” And we have an expression in the United States
that the most important office in a democracy is the office of citizen
-- not President, not Speaker, but citizen. (Applause.)
So as
extraordinary and difficult and challenging and sometimes frustrating as
this journey may seem, in the end, you, the citizens of this country,
are the ones who must define what freedom means. You're the ones who are
going to have to seize freedom, because a true revolution of the spirit
begins in each of our hearts. It requires the kind of courage that so
many of your leaders have already displayed.
The road ahead
will be marked by huge challenges, and there will be those who resist
the forces of change. But I stand here with confidence that something is
happening in this country that cannot be reversed, and the will of the
people can lift up this nation and set a great example for the world.
And you will have in the United States of America a partner on that long
journey. So, cezu tin bad de. (Applause.)
Thank you. (Applause.)
END
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